Elites moved toward democrats more than nonelites moved away: Income, education, and occupational class in US presidential elections, 1980–2020

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Number 10, March 2026.
SignificanceRecent work on partisan realignment has often highlighted changes within the white working class. Examining elections from 1980 to 2020, we show that partisan realignment of white voters has been primarily driven by higher status whites…