Neural and computational evidence for a predictive learning account of the testing effect

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 32, August 2025. <br/>SignificanceAn exam is not a neutral measurement of memory. Thetesting effectentails that a test (e.g., an exam) is more effective than study for learning and memory. The same effect can be harnessed also before events of significance take place, …