A universal wind–wave–bubble formulation for air–sea gas exchange and its impact on oxygen fluxes

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 38, September 2025. <br/>SignificanceBubbles entrained by breaking waves at the ocean surface and squeezed during their underwater journey provide a critical pathway for exchange of low solubility gases such as oxygen, with profound implications for biogeochemical cycles. Ocean …