Intermediate evolutionary state of motile sperm and pollen tubes in the extant gymnosperm Cycas revoluta

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 4, January 2026. <br/>SignificanceCycads and ginkgo, possessing primitive motile sperm and derived pollen tubes, are important for understanding the evolution of land plant fertilization from zooidogamy to siphonogamy. We explored gene expression in pollen tubes and …