The human insula encodes somatotopic representation of motor execution with an effector-specific connectome map to primary motor cortex

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Number 8, February 2026.
SignificanceThe insular cortex is recognized as a multimodal hub, but its precise role in motor control remains incompletely understood. Using intracranial recordings from human epilepsy patients, we show that the insula contains a somatotopic map of…