The famous Inca “ice mummies” have been holding secrets since their discovery decades ago, and CT scans are now revealing what these children’s last moments were like, a new study finds.
The researchers examined the remains of four Inca children who were killed about 500 years ago and left on remote peaks in the Andes as “messengers to the gods,” the researchers wrote in the study. However, the new CT scans revealed that at least one of these children had been killed elsewhere and then relocated to a mountain peak, according to the study, which was published in the April issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.
“Our findings show that chroniclers’ accounts should be treated with caution,” Dagmara Socha, an archaeologist at the University of Warsaw in Poland and the lead author of the study, told Live Science. “Although historical sources describe the children as physically perfect and without flaws, modern scientific analyses reveal a very different reality.”
The four mummies are those of an 8-year-old girl, a 10-year-old girl, a 14-year-old girl, and the famed “Lady of Ampato” — also known as the “Ice Maiden” and “Momia Juanita” — who was also sacrificed when she was about 14 years old. Her mummified body was found in a shrine near the summit of Peru’s volcanic Mount Ampato in 1995.
The researchers determined that the 10-year-old girl found near the same summit had been sacrificed elsewhere. The scans revealed that the organs in her abdomen and chest cavities had been removed and replaced with stones and textiles before the body was wrapped and placed in a sitting position, with the knees drawn up to the chin, on a plateau near the top of the mountain.
Although the ice mummies were preserved by the extremely dry air at the altitudes where they were found — about 19,000 feet (5,800 meters) above sea level — the 10-year-old girl’s missing organs are the first evidence that any of the bodies had been deliberately prepared for mummification, possibly to remedy what were seen as the victims’ physical deficiencies, the researchers wrote.
Ice mummies
The medical scans of the four mummies — three from Mount Ampato and another from a shrine near the summit of the Sara Sara volcano, about 100 miles (160 kilometers) roughly west — showed some of the young sacrificial victims had suffered from several ailments.
Scans of the 8-year-old girl’s mummy found on Mount Ampato revealed an enlarged esophagus that may have been a symptom of Chagas disease (a parasitic infection common in the region) and scars in her lungs that may have been caused by tuberculosis.
These health conditions were likely common in the Inca population at the time, so it’s no surprise that the mummies weren’t “perfect” as the European accounts had claimed. “This may reflect the general living conditions within the Inca Empire, but it may also indicate that European chroniclers did not fully understand what the Incas themselves considered ideal,” Socha said.
Divine messengers
According to some early Spanish writers in Peru, the capacocha sacrifices were among the most important rituals in the Inca world. In these sacrifices, children or young teens — both boys and girls — would be ritually killed, and their bodies would be naturally mummified near the tops of high mountains so they would act as “messengers to the gods.”
The methods of killing differed; some victims were strangled, while others were smothered. Socha said it seemed that each of the four sacrificial victims in the study had been killed by a severe blow to the head, possibly from a wooden club.
Early Spanish accounts indicated that the young victims of the capacocha rituals acted as “messengers” for a long time after they had been ritually killed. For example, a report by the conquistador Pedro Pizarro (a young cousin of Francisco Pizarro) stated that living people visited ice mummies to seek approvals for marriages.
“The evidence suggests that these children … continued to function as mediators between the living community and the divine Apus [Andean deities] long after their deaths,” Socha said.
Socha, D. M., Panzer, S., Reinhard, J., Zink, A., Sulca, W. C. M., Grupp, F., & Paladin, A. (2026). Paleoradiology opens new insights into frozen mummified children from Ampato and Sara Sara volcanoes, Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports, 70, 105610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105610
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