Identifying key convection-sensitive oceanic regions to weaken the ENSO spring predictability barrier

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 12, March 2026. <br/>SignificanceThe Spring Predictability Barrier (SPB) remains one of the greatest challenges in forecasting El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We introduce a Sea Surface Temperature Range Index (SRI) that measures the spatial extent of Sea surface …